Bibliography - Hardware

	Bibliography - Hardware Textbooks \| General References \| History of the Computer \| Precomputing \| Microcomputing Programming Languages \| The Internet \| Biographies \| Corporate Biographies \| Primary Sources
	Charles Basche, Lyle R. Johnson, John Palmer and Emerson Pugh, IBM's Early Computers, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1986. ISBN: 0262022257. In describing the technical experiences of a company from the beginning of the computer era, this book unfolds the challenges that IBM's research and development laboratories faced, the technical path they choose, and how these choices affected the company and the computer industry.

	David Caminer, John Aris, Leo, The Incredible Story of the World's First Business Computer, London: McGraw-Hill, 1998. ISBN: 0070095019. Transport the reader to postwar England, where a small group with limited resources designed and built a machine that launched the modern world of business computing. Their story is a fascinating case study in business innovation, vision, and change.

	Tracy Kidder, The Soul of a New Machine, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1981. ISBN: 0316491705. Describes how a small team of electronic engineers at Data General Corp. created the MV/8000, a then powerful minicomputer.

	Roy A. Bauer, Emilio Collar, Victor Tang, The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN: 0195067541. Three major figures recount the history of Silverlake Project and the mid-range computer, AS/400.

	David Caminer, John Aris, User Driven Innovation: The World's First Business Computer, London: McGraw-Hill, 1998. ISBN: 0077092368. Sketches the brief twenty-year life and times of LEO, the World's first business computer.

	James Chposky and Ted Leonsis, The People, Power, and Politics Behind the IBM Personal Computer, New York: Facts on File Publishers, 1988. ISBN: 0816013918. An inside story of how America's largest corporation broke with its most hallowed tradition to produce the now ubiquitous IBM PC.

	Adele Goldberg, ed., A History of the Personal Workstation, New York: ACM Press, 1988. ISBN: 0201112590. Presents a history of an important class of computer, personal workstations. It is a history seen from the unique perspective of the people who pioneered their development.

	John Hendry, Innovating for Failure: Government Policy and the Early British Computer Industry, The Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. ISBN: 0262081873. Focusing on the creation, implementation, and management of government sponsorship policies and the responses of businesses to those policies, Hendry discusses the broad issues of government policy and the exploitation of technology in the United Kingdom, the commercial development of computer technology in postwar America and Britain and the conflict between national competitiveness and the ideals of fairness and consensus.

	Gerald J. Holzmann and Bjorn Pehrson, The Early History of Data Networks, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995. ISBN: 0818667826. Gives a fascinating glimpse of the manydocumented attempts throughout history to develop effective means for long-distance communications.

	Simon Lavington, Early British Computers, Bedford, MA: Digital Press, 1980. ISBN: 0932376088. Details the pioneering work on modern computers that took place in the United Kingdom between 1935 and 1955, including such landmark projects as the world's first working stored-program computer, the first commercially available computer, and the first transistorized computer.

	Stephen G. Nash, ed., A History of Scientific Computing, New York: ACM Press, 1988. ISBN: 0201508141. This work documents past developments in scientific and numeric computing. It illustrates how profoundly the invention of the computer affected the way computations are performed - and affected the course of modern science and mathematics overall.

	Emerson W. Pugh, Lyle R. Johnson, IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1991. ISBN: 0262161230. Describes the creation of the remarkable System/360 and the development it spawned, including its successor, System/370.

	Emerson W. Pugh, Memories that Shaped an Industry: Decisions Leading to IBM System/360, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1986. ISBN: 0262160943. Chronicals a twenty-five-year period during which IBM evolved from the position of leading supplier of electromechanical punched card equipment to the major supplier in electronic computers. Provides a candid glimpse into the innovations as well as the immense risks and imprecisions involved in technical decision making.

	Kent C. Redmond and Thomas M. Smith, Project Whirlwind: The History of a Pioneer Computer, Bedford, MA: Digital Press, 1980. ISBN: 0932376096. The story of Whirlwind, the first digital computer that could be put to use as a practical device.

	Nancy Stern, From ENIAC to UNIVAC, An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers, New York: Digital Press, 1981. ISBN: 0932376142. This valuable historical reference examines the pioneering work in modern computers that took place in the United Kingdom between 1935 and 1995.